28^th World Neonatal, Pediatric and Family Medicine Conference

Neonatal nursing is a care for newborn babies up to 28 days after birth. The term neonatal comes from neo means "new" and natal means "hereditary or origin". Nursing  of infants requires high skills, dedication and emotional strength for caring, dealing with various problems with prematurity, birth defects, infection, cardiac malfunctions and surgical defects etc. they are essential part of neonatal care team and are required to know basic newborn rejuvenation ,one should be able to control the babies temperature and know how to work with cardiopulmonary and pulse oximetry and its monitoring. Mostly such nurses care for infants by the time of child birth until they are discharged from hospital.

Approximately 40,000 infants in America born with less weight. Neonatal nurse, will generally care for a number of patients in the NICU, operate high-tech neonatal machines and look after the administration of intravenous (IV) medications. They help with the developmental areas of growth, social and emotional health and well-being also providing education to families on how to prevent further illness and manage ongoing health conditions of infant. They could also help transition babies to go home and sometimes with further in-home medical assistance.

The first premature infant incubator station was introduced In 1898 by Dr. Joseph DeLee in Chicago at Illinois. In 1952 Dr. Virginia Apgar introduced Apgar score scoring system for the evaluation a newborn's condition and problems if any. The first newborn intensive care unit (NICU) was opened in 1965 at new haven and in 1975 the American Board of Pediatrics entrenched certification for neonatology and pediatrics.

The advancement of 1950s brought a flying growth in neonatal services by introducing mechanical ventilation of the newborn. This allowed the survival of smaller and smaller newborns. In the 1980s, the development of pulmonary surfactant replacement therapy improved the survival of extremely premature infants and decreased chronic lung disease. In 2006 newborns weighed as small as 450 grams and delivered with as early as 22 weeks gestation have a chance of survival. In modern NICUs, infants weighing more than 1000 grams and born after 27 weeks gestation have an approximately 90% chance of survival and majority have normal neurological development.

Clinical Pediatrics board was set up in 2005 with the aim of spreading   knowledge about care of children during health and disease.  pediatricians and family physicians all over the country and abroad. Clinical Pediatrics follows to publish available information on advanced child-center care topics along with clinical, scientific, behavioral, educational, or ethical nature. Clinical Pediatrics allergy is also one of the most important and widely studied areas in novel research of this field. Initial detection of cancer in children also is taking earlier attention in Clinical Pediatrics cancer. Clinical Pediatrics is a medical journal that follow to publish and to available information on a change of child-center care topics along with those of a clinical, scientific, behavioral, educational, or ethical nature. Clinical Pediatrics allergy is also one of the most important and widely studied areas in novel research of this field. Initial detection of cancer in children also is taking earlier attention in Clinical Pediatrics cancer.

Family medicine (FM),family practice (FP) is a combined health care facility for people of all ages, generally we named them as family physician or family doctor in other places often called as general practice or General Practice Doctor (GP) .this highlights the roots of the family. It is a division of primary care that provides advanced and better health care for the individual and family across all ages, genders, diseases, and parts of the body. Family physicians are often known as primary care physicians. It is based on knowledge of patient in the contact of family and the community, maintaining disease prevention and health promotion. According to the World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA), the aim of family medicine is to provide better health like personal, mental behavioral etc. . In the advanced world of health care, one thing remains constant family physicians ,treating the whole person. Family medicine's is an ongoing, personal patient-physician relationship focusing on  better health and care Unlike other that are limited to a particular organ or disease,

the general function of medicine fulfilled in 1969, which suffered with increasing subspecialization after World War II. Since, the specialty has delivered on its promise to change the decline of general medicine and provide personal, frontal medical care to people of all regions of the United States..

Family medicine deliver a wide range of acute, chronic, and preventive medical care services to patients with patient-centered medical home also provides routine check-ups, immunization ,health-risk assessments, screening tests, preventive care and counseling on maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Family physicians also manage chronic illness, from heart disease, diabetes, stroke, hypertension, cancer, and asthma etc. they also provide ongoing, personal care for the most serious health problems.

The doctor usually took the physical assessment of neonates within the first 24 hours of their birth, assessment begins with a series of measurements, which includes weight, length, and head circumference. The average weight of child at birth is 7 pounds and the average length is 20 inches normally .Then the doctor examines the skin and neck, heart and lungs, and abdomen and genitals too and further proceeds for nervous system and reflexes of the infant. Doctors also go for screening tests to detect problems which are not examined during the physical examination, then auscultation of the chest, and surface of the abdomen. Then move onto eyes, ears, throat, and hips, that should be performed last, as these actions are most disturbing to the neonate.

The heart rate of a neonate should range from 120–160 beats/min, the respiratory rate from 30–60 breaths/min. Systolic blood pressure on first day must ranges from 50–70 mm Hg and increases steadily during the first week after birth. Blood pressure is increased by perinatal asphyxia and mechanical ventilation than gestational age.  irregular heart rate, caused by premature atrial contractions, and is common, benign, and generally resolves in first days of life.

Neonates are also vulnerable to surgical emergencies. Infectious gastroenteritis is commonly found in the neonates as gastrointestinal disorder .approximately 5 billion cases are found each year worldwide, most commonly in developing countries among children less than 5 year, About 2 million cases per year of Deaths are found due to dehydration. In US, 15 to 25 million incidences occur annually which results in 300 to 400 deaths. Due to acute gastroenteritis and dehydration many neonates require immediate hospitalization for their treatment

Most of the abnormalities are detected in pediatric urologic gynecology showing the issues regarding abnormalities throughout embryogenesis of urinary and sex organ tracts. Principally urogynecologic issues are detected even before the birth of child with the assistance of prenatal imaging. Remaining abnormalities are detected after birth during infancy or childhood ensuing into numerous tract infections, incontinence, or abnormalities detected on physical assessment .Some system defects, however, area unit additional volatile and solely become noticeable later in life once a clinical drawback happens. Abnormal embryogenesis ensuing from innate abnormalities, begins a healthy female embryology.

During embryogenesis, hematopoiesis happens in numerous organs of the body, as well as the additional and intra embryonic yolk sac, the fetal liver, and also the preterm marrow. The event of primitive erythroblasts within the yolk sac is important for embryonic survival. Primitive erythroblasts differentiate within the tube network instead of within the extravascular space and flow into as organelle cells. After seven weeks’ gestation, hemopoietic progenitors are not any longer detected within the yolk sac. The liver is the first supply of red cells from the 9^th to the 24^th week of gestation. Like primitive biological process (erythropoiesis) within the yolk sac, definitive biological process within the fetal liver is important for continued survival of the embryo. In distinction to the yolk sac, wherever biological process (erythropoiesis) is restricted to maturing primitive corpuscle, macrophage, and bone cell cells, biological process (erythropoiesis) within the fetal liver consists of definitive corpuscle, bone cell, and multiple myeloid, moreover as humor lineages. Hemopoietic cells are 1st seen within the marrow of the 10- to 11-week embryo, and that they stay confined to the diaphyseal regions of long bones till 15^th weeks’ gestation.

Pediatric oncology may be a strength discipline in drug involved with identification and treating neonates, with malignancy. It’s thought to be one among the foremost difficult of specialties as a result of, despite productive treatment of the many children, there's a high death rate still connected with differing types of malignancies. kinds of pediatric oncology incorporate pediatric oncology, pediatric leukemia, malignant tumor in kids, tumor in kids, Clinical Trials, Advances in pediatric oncology Treatment oncology Nursing and Care, Advanced pediatric oncology medication, pediatric Radiation oncology, pediatric oncology Diagnostic, actinotherapy oncology, pediatric Neuro-Oncology.

Normal newborns have reflexes that facilitate survival and sensory skills that enable them to acknowledge their mother inside some weeks of birth ,though the retina is well developed at birth, sharp-sightedness is poor (20/400) as a result of a comparatively immobile lens. Acuity improves rapidly over the primary 12 months, with fixation and changing into well developed by two months. 

A general physical examination and an age-appropriate assessment are a part of each health care visit. Participating in games can interact a preschooler retrieving, casting a ball, stacking blocks, hopping, jogging, counting, and drawing will cut back anxiety and exhibit coordination, balance, and laterality on the far side educational institution age, describing an image, drawing, writing, and writing system can help in assessing speech and intelligence. The neurological substrate for consciousness is that the reticular activating system within the brain-stem, up to and including the thalamus and paraventricular hypothalamus .giant lesions of the cortex, particularly of the left hemisphere, also can cause coma. The term locked-in syndrome describes patients who are aware but don't have any access to motor or verbal expression as a result of huge loss of motor function of the brain-stem. Coma vigil refers to patients who appear comatose but have some spontaneous motor behavior, like eye gap or eye chase, nearly always at a reflex level. Persistent vegetative state denotes a chronic condition within which there's preservation of the sleep-wake cycle however no awareness and no recovery of mental behavior. The International League Against brain disease (ILAE) has established classifications of seizures and brain disease syndromes.

The presence of a heart beats suggests the heart condition. Heart beats may be useful or innocent, although it is not possible to detect the disorders by the no of heart beats high cardiac beats are very common in the initial hours and most frequently benign. Severe inherent heart disorders  in baby is detected with no murmur in the least. Generally these two are the most common ways to find cardiac disorders in neonates. Inspection and screening of Chest conformation ought to be noted within the supine position. An external bulge indicates cardiomegaly. Screening may reveal bulged organ activity; right ventricular lift a diffuse purpose of maximal impulse; or a thrill caused by a grade IV/VI murmur. This thrill of valvular heart disease is found within the suprasternal notch. In patients with severe pulmonary high blood pressure, a palpable pneumonic closure is often noted at the higher left sterna border. Most of the neonates born with heart diseases are capable of doing normal activity. Knowledge on cardiac organ perform once is essential to preventing non essential restriction of activities. The response against exercise performed   is helpful in deciding the time for operating the cardiovascular surgery  and also give the better results of various medical interventions made for the treatment. Generally heart diseases are congenital or genetic disorders .microdeletion in the long arm of chromosome 22 associated with DiGeorge syndrome is the most common congenital disorder found in the neonates. More accurate prediction of risk of recurrence can be diagnosed by genes during subsequent pregnancies.

In neonates or during the infancy period endocrine disorders are very common they might be suffering with that particular disorder by birth or pre matured birth is also associated with this issue the lower weight of the child and small size of gestation age. Generally the thyroid disorders are detected in the neonates, suffering from adrenal deficiency, calcium deficiency and homeostasis.  According to the concept of modern endocrine physiology in targeting tissues of specific hormone receptor hormonal action are required. Three main chemical types of hormones: peptides and proteins, steroids, and amines. The peptide hormones include those released by the anterior and posterior pituitary, pancreatic islet cells, para thyroids, lungs heart and brain.

Radiotherapy and imaging can detect the exact cause or should say the real cause as well as the extent of disease and their relation for affecting the nearby tissues and cells. New radical approaches are introduced on CT scanning and other radio therapies for assurance of complex 3-D dose distributions .MR based dosage distribution is decided for the neonates resulting into the better treatment facilities with high accuracy using special imaging tools whether online or offline. These applications rely on the technology and digitalization of the device. Digital imaging plays an increasing role in radiotherapy and is defined truly reliable and impactful on the patients care.

The advancement in genetic researches promised a great response towards the better treatment of genetic disorders. A careful testing and screening should be considered foe examining the actual cause of disease, the exact idea of defected gene or chromosome etc.

The study of genetics at the chromosome level is called cytogenetic. Chromosomal abnormalities occur in 0.4% of live births and is a common cause of mental retardation and congenital disorders.There are two types of chromosomal abnormalities : numerical and structural. Numerical ones deal with the change in number of chromosomes and the structural ones deals with the structure change of chromosomes. These chromosomal changes occurs due to the abnormal cell cycle occurred during the cell division, occurs due to the changes in the replication of the cells either the genomic cells or somatic cells.

Obstetrics is the field of studying on pregnancy and child birth gynecology is also the same with it. Obstetrics involves the maternal as well as prenatal care that is the caring of unborn child present inside the womb of the mother with regular check-ups and visits to the doctor, various screenings are done to accommodate the care of child and mother both. The genetic screening are also to be done typically in the second trimester and then moves onto the screening of the fetal neck with the help of ultrasound. This helps to signify the risk in the birth of child and the life of the mother as well. Various tests are done through which the nutrition values and the food intake for both are decided according to what their body needs for better health. Ultrasonography is done on routine basis, evaluating for the ectopic pregnancy. Various screenings and tests are done to avoid the complication in the pregnancy diseases like pre-eclampsia, placental abruption, fetal distress, hypertension, uterine rupture, shoulder dystocia and many more.

The first textbook on premature birth was published in 1922. Normally the fetus takes 40 week to grow and develop in the womb but babies born before 37 weeks is defines to be the preterm or premature birth , these babies can be healthy or deficient , if unhealthy then they require special care and treatment to avoid any problems in future. This includes three types of prematurity: mild, moderate and extreme .mild pre matured babies have almost completed their time in the womb and can be healthy as well while extremely pre matured babies are those who hardly have spent 25 weeks in the womb, they require intensive care to survive as there are chances to have a premature heart, lungs, GI tract, kidneys and other organs as well. Prematurity is resulted due to various causes of maternal health as well like hypertension to mother, any infection, trauma, cervical incompetence, placental issues, chromosomal abnormalities, malformations etc.

In mid of 1879 a surgical care of birth defects is introduced to the world. It is the sub-specialty of surgery which includes the surgery of fetuses, infants, and children. In the beginning of 1970 surgeon C.Everettkoop, introduced new techniques for endotracheal anesthesia of infants allowing the surgical repair of previously untreatable defects easily and this results in the great reduction of infant, mortality rate to zero. Pediatric surgery includes surgery of neonates and fetal.

Common pediatric incision includes : congenital diseases: lymphangioma, curled lip and palate, atresia of esophagus and tracheal esophageal fistula, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, intestinal atresia, necrotizing enter colitis, meconium plugs,.Hirschsprung's sickness, congenital disorder, anal testes, herniation, gastroschisis, hernias; chest wall deformities: thorax excavatum; childhood tumors: like malignant neoplasm, adenomyosarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, ATRT, liver tumors, teratomas; separation of conjugated twins.

Infants within the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are exposed to an oversized range of medicines, most of that don't seem to be labeled to be used in infants as a result of clinical trials for safety, dosing, and effectualness of medication are lacking during this population. Hospitalized infants are usually excluded from clinical trials because of moral issues and difficulties with accomplishment. Furthermore, these hospitalized infants within the NICU have lot of possibility to be pre-term, with bigger proportions exhibiting nephritic and hepatic dysfunction. These characteristics are usually exclusion criteria for several clinical trials.

Worldwide, childhood fat inclinations are inflicting severe public health affairs and in several countries threatening the viability of basic health care delivery. It’s an autonomous risk issue for cardiovascular diseases and considerably will increase the danger of morbidity and mortality. The last twenty years have witnessed a motivating increase in medical prices because of obesity and connected problems among children and adolescents. Childhood obesity may be a world phenomenon which is affecting all socio-economic groups, no matter what is the sex, age or ethnicity of the individual.

Neonatal allergic reaction is a vital subject to be learnt so as to market understanding and advance treatment of metabolic process, allergic, and immunological diseases in neonates. It emphasizes the epidemiological analysis on the foremost common chronic diseases of neonates—asthma and allergies similarly as several less common and rare diseases. Allergies in born babies consist of, red eyes, dermatitis (eczema), itchiness, runny nose, urticarial (hives), a bronchial asthma and redness. The viruses, adore influenza virus (flu), adenovirus, respiratory process syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus, are common causes of respiratory disorder in Newborn babies.

Neonatal infections are the infections of the infant (newborn) throughout the time of life or 1st four weeks once birth. Infections could also be shrunk by Tran’s placental transfer in utero, within the passage throughout delivery (perinatal), or by alternative means that once birth. Some infant infections are apparent before long once delivery, whereas others might develop postnatal inside the primary week or month. Some infections are not inheritable within the time of life, viral hepatitis and protozoal infection and there's the higher risk of infection with preterm or low birth weight neonates.

Public perceptions regarding immunizations, notably routine childhood immunizations, are usually positive. However, parent considerations regarding the protection of vaccines have up in recent years, trendy vaccines have a high degree of safety, each infant needs between twenty five and twenty six doses of vaccine by age 18 months to be protected against 14 childhood diseases. Compliance with the manufacturer’s recommendations for route and web site of administration of injectable vaccines are vital for safety and effectiveness. All vaccines containing associate degree adjuvant should be administered intramuscularly to avoid tumor formation or death. With the exception of Bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, that is employed seldom, all vaccines are given either intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Several combinations of vaccines are administered at the same time while not increasing the chance of adverse effects or compromising response. Combinations vaccines facilitate solve the matter of huge numbers of injections throughout any single clinic visit. Presently out there combination vaccines embrace MMR, measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV), and numerous combos of Hib, HepB, IPV, and DTaP, as well as a DTaP-HepB-IPV combination vaccine. Extra combination vaccines, as well as some vaccines specifically for older children and adolescents, are in development. Separate vaccines shouldn't be combined into one syringe by the supplier unless approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as a result of this might decrease the effectiveness of every part of vaccine.

The issues of values underlying this follow are typically called medical care ethics. Concerning price is commonly seen as against ethics in debates concerning newborn screening policy. Several individual say that it's wrong to contemplate price in the slightest degree once infants’ lives are at stake. In contrast, ethicists consider that it's wrong to ignore price. Price is Associated in Nursing moral issue as a result of newborn screening uses collective resources (public and private) to buy the screening, similarly because the follow-up and treatment. Although screening newborns could also be fascinating, there are continuously alternative uses for resources that may conjointly save lives and stop disability—there is a chance price to their use. Policymakers therefore have Associate in nursing moral obligation of position to weigh the advantages against the prices once directive resources to newborn screening.

Evidence is additionally associated with ethical issue. One cannot assess the opportunity price of resources and therefore the arrangement fairness related to a policy without having careful information, concerning the decision’s positive and negative effects. Some individuals are uncomfortable with imply evidence-based newborn screening policy, however. They argue that it sets too high a bar, provided that conditions thought-about for screening are comparatively rare and, within the absence of screening, could also be underdiagnosed.