29^th World Neonatal, Pediatric and Family Medicine Conference

<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">\r\n In Neonatology, the study of the skin is slow in when compared to the study of other organs, particularly the lung and the heart. The skin in the neonatal period is fascinating. The outer layer which protects our bodies adapts rapidly from a sterile aqueous environment to a dry environment rich with many new exposures. Preserving the skin integrity of the neonate is important to maintain the function of the skin, avoid skin disorders and protect against potential wounds and. The changes occur is not readily visible in other organs. The skin is unfortunately often overlooked in medical education and presents a challenge for many physicians.

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• \r\n Bacterial skin infections
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• \r\n Blisters
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• \r\n Atopic dermatitis
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• \r\n Adult fungal infections
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• \r\n Acrocyanosis
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<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">\r\n Pediatric Oncology is the term used to comprise all malignant conditions among children with cancer. The most common childhood cancers are leukemia (begins in blood-forming tissue such as bone marrow), retinoblastoma (occurs in the tissues of the retina), lymphoma (cancer in the cells of immune system), neuroblastoma (nerve cells), Wilms tumor (kidney cancer), and brain tumors, such as gliomas. Childhood cancers are very rare and they differ from adult cancers in the way they grow, respond, spread, treated. The investigation of Tumor Cell Biology audits applications worried about flag transduction systems in neoplastic cells, and control of tumor cell phenotype and conduct, and tumor movement.

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• \r\n Palliative Care in Pediatric Oncology
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• \r\n Neonatal Tumors
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• \r\n Pioneers in pediatric oncology
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• \r\n Radiological Imaging of the Neonate
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• \r\n Congenital or acquired immune deficiencies
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<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">\r\n Pediatric dentistry is an age-defined specialty that deals with the oral condition of children and it provides both primary and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health care for infants and children through adolescence age, including those with special health care needs. Theses dentists help in diagnosing oral diseases, monitoring oral health, promoting oral health, through growth and development of the teeth and jaws, using surgical procedures on the oral cavity in extreme cases, restoring decaying teeth, and fixing dental injuries. Its specialty is not only based on a skill set, but developing all of the dentistry's technical skills against a philosophical background of understanding child development in health and disease.

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• \r\n Dental surgery
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• \r\n Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics
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• \r\n Cosmetic dentistry
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• \r\n Dental implantology
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• \r\n Dental Traumatology
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<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">\r\n Pediatric surgery manages all the careful activities of children. It is a blend of both medical procedure and pediatrics. A pediatric medical procedure is in charge of the treatment of numerous clutters through careful activities in children and assuming an essential part in sparing lives during childbirth organize by infant and fetal medical procedure. A pediatric medical procedure can be the most part isolated into two sub-classifications, known as a pediatric cardiothoracic medical procedure, pediatric neurosurgery, pediatric careful oncology, pediatric urological medical procedure, pediatric orthopedic medical procedure, pediatric hepatological medical procedure, pediatric vascular medical procedure, and pediatric oncological medical procedure. Trans-oral robotic surgery is in its early stages, be that as it may, to be sure, there have been a few inquiries raised about the role of these innovative robotic surgical techniques.

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• \r\n Pediatric Surgical Emergencies
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• \r\n Congenital and acquired hand defects
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• \r\n Blood vessel malformations
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• \r\n Keloids and other scars
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• \r\n Cytocompatible Scaffold
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<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">\r\n Pediatric pulmonology deals with diagnosis and treatment of diseases which involves respiratory tract. It is a combination of both pulmonology and pediatrics. Pediatric pulmonologists are specially trained in treating pulmonary pediatric diseases and conditions of the chest, particularly asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, complicated chest infections, etc. Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy (FFB) and Pulmonary Function Testing are included under Pediatric Pulmonology. These testing’s are non-invasive test that can be done in different ways to work best for children. An FFB allows pulmonologists to review inside the lungs with a fiberoptic scope.

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• \r\n Recurring pneumonia
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• \r\n Cystic fibrosis
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• \r\n Emphysema
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• \r\n Pulmonary Fibrosis
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• \r\n Advances in Respiratory Medicine
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• \r\n Sleep-related breathing problems
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<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">\r\n Breast Feeding is the most important ingredients that are not found in any infant formula, to build the baby’s immune system. Pediatric nutrition should be consisted of essential Vitamins and Minerals which help for the growth and development of a baby. Pediatric nutrition maintains the diet consisting of the important nutrients and the suitable caloric consumption to promote development and the physiologic requirements at the numerous stages of a child development which includes various topics like chronic kidney disease and developmental disabilities. Nutrition plays a vital role in childhood development and proper nutrition helps in proper growth and development of children and allowing them to reach their full potential.

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• \r\n Developmental disabilities
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• \r\n Physical growth and maturation
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• \r\n Essential vitamins and minerals
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• \r\n Gastrointestinal disorders
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<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">\r\n Untimely birth or premature birth difficulties can shift between untimely children and some are more genuine than others. Preterm birth entanglements are the main source of death among kids under 5 years old, in charge of almost 1 million passings in 2013. Neonatal revival abilities are fundamental for all human services suppliers who are associated with the conveyance of babies. Clinicians must utilize the most recent non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for the compelling administration of neonatal torment, pain, or tumult to keep away from neonatal entanglements. As a tyke is developing it is critical to focus on medicinal services progress arranging. Supplements and development factors manage mental health amid fetal and early postnatal life. Thus it is vital to know the neonatal nourishment. Kernicterus (Bilirubin encephalopathy) is a gained metabolic encephalopathy of the neonatal period is one of the harmful impacts. Neonatal Polycythemia, characterized as a focal venous hematocrit (Hct) level of more prominent than 65%, is a moderately regular issue in neonates.

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• \r\n Labor and Delivery
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• \r\n Reduction mammoplasty
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• \r\n Neonatal polycythemia
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• \r\n Diagnosis & Treatment
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• \r\n Premature Infants/ Preemies
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<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">\r\n Pregnancy and birth are as conventional and uncommon as breathing, considering or cherishing and both approach a person's imagination, adaptability, continuance, and diversion. It is typical for your solid, developing baby to move as often as possible. You will, for the most part, feel your infant's first developments following 20 weeks for your first pregnancy or four months for pregnancies after that. Fetal developments will generally turn out to be more standard following 24 weeks. Pregnancy, otherwise called incubation, is the time amid which is at least one posterity creates inside a lady. A numerous pregnancy includes in excess of posterity, for example, with twins. Labor ordinarily happens around 40 weeks from the last menstrual period (LMP). This is a little more than nine months, where every month midpoints 29½ days.

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• \r\n Pregnancy
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• \r\n Childbirth
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• \r\n Breast Feeding
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• \r\n Complications during delivery
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\r\n The branch of pediatric psychology is developed to address unfulfilled needs for psychological treatment in the pediatrics and setting the field blends together several crucial areas in psychology (such as behavioral medicine, health psychology, developmental psychology, etc. Pediatric psychology is a collective field of science and practice in which the principles of psychology are applied within the environment of pediatric health. Few Societies of Pediatric Psychology aims to promote health and psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families through the promotion of evidence-based science and practice, education, training, and advocacy. The field was founded in 1969 and includes a broad interdisciplinary foundation, drawing on clinical, developmental, social, cognitive, behavioral, counselling, community and school psychology.

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\r\n Pediatric Neurology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all types of conditions and diseases involving the central and peripheral nervous systems (and their subdivisions, the autonomic and somatic nervous systems), includes their blood vessels, coverings, and all effected tissues, such as muscle. Neurological practice depends heavily on the field of neuroscience, the scientific study of the nervous system. A neurologist is a specialized physician in neurology and trained to investigate, or diagnose and treat neurological diseases. Neurologists  also be involves in clinical research, clinical trials, and basic or translational research. Where Neurology is a non surgical specialty, its corresponding surgical specialty is neurosurgery.

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\r\n  Pediatric emergency  is a medical sub specialty of both pediatrics and emergency medicine. It is involved in the care of random, unscheduled children with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate medical attention. Which will not usually provide long-term care, pediatric emergency doctors undertake the necessary investigations and interventions to diagnose patients in the acute phase, to liaise with physicians from other hospitals, and to resuscitate and stabilize children who are seriously ill or injured. Pediatric emergency physicians generally practice in hospital emergency departments.

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\r\n If your child has a recurring or persistent disease caused by an infectious agent such as bacteria, a fungus, a parasite, or other rare infection it is referred to as a pediatric infectious diseases. A pediatric infectious specialist has the experience and studies to help your pediatrician diagnose and  treat your child. pediatric infectious diseases are very common due to low or under developed immune system and there is treatment to maximum number of infectious diseases, 

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• \r\n Illnesses that are of unclear cause, have prolonged  fever, or are recurrent 
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• \r\n Respiratory infections 
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• \r\n Bone and joint infections 
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• \r\n Tuberculosis (TB) 
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• \r\n Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 
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• \r\n Hepatitis.
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\r\n Pediatric surgery is a sub specialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adult. The branch Pediatric surgery have arised in the middle of the 18th century as the surgical care of birth defects required novel techniques and methods and became more commonly based at children's hospitals. One of the origins of this innovation was Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. In the Beginning of 1940s under the surgical leadership of C. Everett Koop, newer techniques for endotrachial anaesthesia of infants allowed surgical repair of previously non treatable birth defects. Later in 1970s deaths of infants rate from many major congenital malformation syndromes have been reduced to nearly zero.

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\r\n Subspecialties of paediatric surgery itself include: neonatal surgery and foetal surgery.

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\r\n The Division of Pediatric Rheumatology focuses on conditions involving the inflammation or pain in muscles, joints or fibrous tissue, as well as other chronic inflammatory problems. The division receives more than 500 new patient referrals each year. Many of our patients seek relief from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory or auto inflammatory disorders. The branch of Pediatric Rheumatology deals with autoimmune diseases diseases in children, or diseases where the immune system attacks the healthy cells of the body. Rheumatic diseases can have other different manifestations, including fevers, joint pains, rashes, and involvement of the internal organs.

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\r\n ASD affects about 1 in 59 children. males are diagnosed with ASD about 5 times more often than females. Also, there have been changes in how ASD is defined and diagnosed. earlier, only children with the most severe autism symptoms were diagnosed. Now children with basic symptoms are being identified and helped. Each child with autism has different needs. The sooner autism is identified, the sooner an earl y intervention program directed at the child's symptoms can begin.

\r\n Paediatric endocrinology (British: Paediatric) is a medical subspecialty dealing with disorders of the endocrine glands, such as variations of physical growth and sexual development in childhood, diabetes and many more.

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\r\n By age, paediatric endocrinologists, depending upon the age range of the patients they treat, care for patients from infancy to late adolescence and young adulthood.

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\r\n The most common disease of the specialty is type1 diabetes, which usually accounts for at least 50% of a typical clinical practice. The next most common problem is growth disorders, especially those amenable to growth hormone treatment. Paediatric endocrinologists are usually the primary physicians involved in the medical care of infants and children with intersex disorders. The specialty also deals with hypoglycaemia and other forms of Hyperglycaemia in childhood, variations of puberty, as well other adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary problems. Many paediatric endocrinologists have interests and expertise in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism, adolescent gynaecology or inborn errors of metabolism.

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\r\n Generally the infants and children are more prone to allergies due to low immunity and they are more vulnerable. The hygiene hypothesis says that a decreased microbial load contributes to an increased risk of allergies. As it all depends on immunity and differs from child to child, There are many ways to avoid and become more resistant to the allergies, By providing nutritious food and cleaner habitat  the immune system of the children gets stronger and get resisted to the allergies. Allergies in children are caused due to microbes, Up to 40% of children suffer from allergic rhinitis and more obviously children develop allergies either from parents or peers around them. They usually have smaller respiratory system or we can say an underdeveloped respiratory system due to which a minor allergy results in serious reactions and complications.

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\r\n Common Conditions

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• \r\n Anaphylaxis
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• \r\n Asthma
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• \r\n Eosinophilic esophagitis
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• \r\n Food allergies
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• \r\n Rhinitis
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• \r\n Sinusitis
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\r\n Neonatology is a subspecialty of paediatrics that consists of the medical care of new born infants, especially the ill or premature new born. It is a hospital-based specialty, and is usually practiced in neonatal intensive care units. Neonatologists are paediatricians with special expertise in caring for sick or premature infants. Our neonatologists are world leaders in caring for babies requiring intensive care after birth. The UCSF Division of Neonatology was founded around creation of the William H.Tooley Intensive Care Nursery in 1964. It was founded in collaboration with the Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI). Over the past 50 years UCSF has developed many benchmarks in Neonatal research and care.

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\r\n A healthy start in life is important to every new born baby. The first 28 days, called the neonatal period, is especially critical. It is during this time that fundamental health and feeding practices are established. It is also during this time that the child is at highest risk for death. Some common neonatal disorders include sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and neonatal jaundice. SIDS is the leading cause of death among infants who are one month to one year old. According to the American SIDS Institute, about 2,500 infants die from this condition each year in the United States. Neonatal jaundice is jaundice that begins within the first few days after birth. Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva (a clear covering over the sclera, or whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes caused by hyper bilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in red blooded animals). Neonatal jaundice is usually harmless but should be monitored by a qualified healthcare provider as a precaution.

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\r\n Neonatal cancer is rare and comprises a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with substantial histological diversity. Almost all types of paediatric cancer can occur in foetuses and neonates; however, the presentation and behaviour of neonatal tumours often differs from that in older children, leading to differences in diagnosis and management. The causes of neonatal cancer are unclear, but genetic factors probably have a key role. Other congenital abnormalities are frequently present. Teratoma and neuroblastoma are the most common histological types of neonatal cancer, with soft-tissue sarcoma, leukaemia, renal tumours, and brain tumours also among the more frequent types. Prenatal detection, most often on routine ultrasound or in the context of a known predisposition syndrome, is becoming more common. Treatment options pose challenges because of the particular vulnerability of the population. Neonatal cancer raises diagnostic, therapeutic, and ethical issues, and management requires a multidisciplinary approach.

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\r\n Neonatal jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a new born baby due to high bilirubin levels.^[1] Other symptoms may include excess sleepiness or poor feeding.^[1] Complications may include seizures, cerebral palsy, or kernicterus.^[1]

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\r\n In many cases there is no specific underlying disorder (physiologic).^[2] In other cases it results from red blood cell breakdown, liver disease, infection, hypothyroidism, or metabolic disorders (pathologic). A bilirubin level more than 34 μ mol/l (2 mg/dL) may be visible.^[1] Concerns, in otherwise healthy babies, occur when levels are greater than 308  μmo l/L (18 mg/d L), jaundice is noticed in the first day of life, there is a rapid rise in levels, jaundice lasts more than two weeks, or the baby appears unwell In those with concerning findings further investigations to determine the underlying cause are recommended.

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\r\n A neonatal stroke is a disturbance in the blood supply to an infant's brain in the first 28 days of life. This includes both ischemic events, which result from a blockage of vessels, and haemorrhagic events, which result when a blood vessel ruptures and bleeds.

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\r\n Neonatal Stroke, similar to a stroke which occurs in adults, is defined as a disturbance to the blood supply of the developing brain in the first 28 days of life.^[1] This description includes both ischemic events, which results from a blockage of vessels, and hypoxic events, which results from a lack of oxygen to the brain tissue, as well as some combination of the two.^[ A neonatal stroke occurs in approximately 1 in 4000 births, but is likely much higher due to the lack of noticeable symptoms.^[1] One treatment with some proven benefits is hypothermia, but may be most beneficial in conjunction with pharmacological agents. Neonatal strokes may lead to cerebral palsy, learning difficulties, or other disabilities. Well-designed clinical trials for stroke treatment in neonates are lacking, but some current studies involve the transplantation of neural stem cells and umbilical cord stem cells it is not yet known if this therapy is likely to be successful.

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\r\n Like many other systems in the body, the immune system is not fully developed and functional at birth and therefore infants and children are at a higher risk of developing infections. At the same time, the act of being born – moving from the sterile environment of the womb to the wider world, exposes us to a whole range of pathogens that we have never encountered and have no protection against. To supplement this period of immune immaturity and reduce the risk of infection, the mother transfers passive protection to the child, mainly in the form of antibodies.

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\r\n   The immune response in early life is lower compared to adults. This is caused due to the immunosuppressive environment of the womb. Speculatively though it may also be an adaption to the exposure to larger amounts of new antigens in early life. The immune response is carefully regulated to ensure appropriate levels of immune response but avoiding inflammatory responses to benign or harmless antigens. Since there are more new antigens in early life, it may be that the response is suppressed.                        

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